South American Austral Trichopterygini

Differential Diagnosis

The Trichopterygini are easily distinguished from other Larentiinae because the males have a lobe, lapel, flap or vesicle at the base of the hindwings; and a sternal pouch is present at the base of the abdomen.

Morphology

The appearance of moths is shown in Figures 4 to 7. Head, front swollen, light or dark brown or mottled spots; vertex concolorous with the front; ocellus absent; chaetosemata present. Antenna simple in females, ciliated or rhopaliform in males (Fig. 1a). Labial palps similar in color to the head; middle segment usually 4 times longer than the distal segment. Maxillary palps very short. Thorax similar in color to the wings, generally light or dark brown, sometimes mottled, without tufts. Metaepimeron swollen. Legs concolorous with thorax and wings, usually darker on the outside and lighter region on the inner; epiphysis present (Fig. 1b); tibial formula 0-2-4 (Fig. 1c); male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil (Fig. 1d). Forewings normal, subtriangular, never reduced; female hindwings normal, male hind wing with a lobe, lapel, vesicle or flap and sometimes with a tail. Female forewings and hindwings large, smaller in male. Forewings of most species have a brown (light, dark or reddish), other green, yellow and pink; discal spot when present always dark brown; basal, antemedial, postmedial and adterminal bands always present (Figs 4 and 7); some genera with a small set of dark scales on the anal margin of the wing (v. gr. Triptila). Hindwings white, ashy, light brown or reddish brown (Figs. 4 and 7). Forewing venation with two accessory cells, R_2-5 arising from apex of the second accessory cell, R_2-4 stalked; M₂ arising from the middle between M₁ and M₃; with anal vein. Hindwing venation with Sc and Rs joined through a transverse or parallel vein in the male, anastomosing in female; Rs and M₁ arise from the same point, stalked or separate in the male, in the female always stalked; M₂ closer to M₃ than M₁; Cu₁ closer to M₃ than Cu₂ or at an equal distance; sometimes only a vein Cu (Llampidken). In other genera (Rhopalodes and Sauris) Cu₁ anastomose with M₃ in the male. Females with one or two anal veins, A₂ and A₃ (Arrayanaria and Rindgenaria); males without, with one, two and three anal veins, these associated lobe; in Triptila and Triptiloides A₁ and A₂ are stalked. In Lagynopteryx with a structure, apparently to produce sound (Figs. 1e and 1f). Dorsal surface of abdomen simple, without tufts, concolorous with wings; ventral surface always clearer. Pregenital abdominal segments of male with modifications, with a sternal pouch (hypertrophy of the second abdominal sternite) that does not occlude the tympanic opening and bears two digitiform glands inside (Figs. 2a and 2b). Intersegmental pleura of abdominal segments 7 and 8 in Lagynopteryx with coremata on each side (Fig. 2c). Posterior edge of sternite 8 of Triptila with a row of setae (Fig. 2d). Pregenital segments of the female without modifications.

Male Genitalia. Uncus simple acute or with rounded apex; socii absent or present, when present it is reduced to a cushion-like, digitiform structure (like in Llampidken); gnathos present (Llampidken) or absent, when present digitiform; anellus of different forms, such as plates or sub-tubular, with lateral or mid-projections in their hind region; valves simple, with a fissure in the cucullus area or without one (Pachrophylla); sacculus, absent or present (Fueguina and Danielaparra); simple or armed costa (Llampidken and Lagynopteryx); saccus-vinculum modified into different shapes. Aedeagus straight or ventrally curved; vesica unarmed or armed by a cornutus or group of spines.

Female genitalia. Anterior part of the corpus bursae well developed or reduced (Triptila), membranous, with a belt or an area of microspines (signum) in some cases, posterior portion is tubular, membranous, or sclerotized; ductus bursae, sub-rectangular, quadrangular or tubular, sclerotized or membranous; in the ductus bursae sclerotized areas called colliculum and cestum, the former is the sclerotized area attached to the sterigma and the latter an area that appears in the ductus bursae, but closer to the corpus than to the sterigma (terminology following ^{Dugdale 1980}); posterior apophyses generally two times longer than the anterior. With a small ventral sclerite and posterior to the sterigma (corresponds to the ninth sternite).

Trichopterygini phylogeny

Preliminary Considerations

No phylogenetic analysis exists in this group for southern South America; on a loosely related note, the only ones are given by ^{Dugdale (1980}). This work indicates that the Neotropical species are more closely related to the New Zealand genera Tatosoma than to the Australian genera. The apomorphic characters of the male that indicate this relationship are: metaepimeron swollen, hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment and the sternal pouch or sac not occluding the tympanic opening. Hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment is also present in Episteira (Oriental and Australian region), Protosteira (Ethiopia and Madagascar) and in Hypocometa (Oriental Region, Borneo). The absence of the sternal pouch is associated with the lack of hair pencil on the male´s metathoracic tibia, as in Aposteira (Ethiopic Region, South Africa).

As an external group for comparison the genus Tatosoma has been used, given the affinities already cited that are present with the Neotropical fauna, and the Australian genus Sauris (^{Dugdale’s data 1980}). For the analysis, various species from the New Zealand genus were used, whose appearances were compared with the genera of the study region.

Phylogenetic Analysis

The phylogenetic pattern for the Trichopterygini of the region under study (see Figure 3, the majority consensus tree of the 191 trees equally parsimonious obtained from the Branch-and-bound research length of the tree= 85, consistency index = 0.81, retention index = 0.73) was reached comparing the characters with Tatosoma and Sauris (external groups). Tatosoma shares many characters with the neotropical genera and the monophyly of them is based on (Tables 1 and 2): 1(1) metathoracic tibia with a pair of spurs; 3(1) hair pencil on the male’s metathoracic tibia; 5(1) swollen metaepimeron; 6(1) sternal pouch does not occlude the tympanic opening; and 7(1) two areoles on the anterior wings. The monophyly of Trichopterygini from the area under study is based on: 15(1) absence of spatulate uncus; 20(1) very developed saccus-vinculums; 21(1) anellus extends into a few processes; and 33(1) absence of cervix bursae.

According to the MP analysis the tribe is divisible in Llampidken and a branch that includes all the other genera; this is established based on an apomorphy: 18(1) absence of a costal arm (Tables 1, 2, and 3). The Bayesian inference analysis shows Pachrophylla as the sister group of the genera in the South of South America, even though the a posteriori probability values are very low. Within this last branch, the cladistics structure is not well resolved even though certain branches are evident and have relatively high Bootstrap and Bremer support values in the MP analysis, and high a posteriori probability values in the Bayesian inference analysis. In these last ones, there is the Arrayanaria + Butleriana + Rindgenaria + Triptiloides + Tomopteryx + Triptila, with a high a posteriori probability value (0.90), however this is not reflected in the MP analysis given that there are no synapomorphies that sustain it. The branch Triptoloides + Tomopteryx + Triptila, sustained by synapomorphy 11(1): presence of vein A₁ pedunculated with A₂ in the male’s hindwing, a high support of the Bootstrap analysis appears (81%), a decay index of 1, and an a posteriori probability value of 0.78. The other branch with a high a posteriori probability (0.89) and Bootstrap support measurement of 85% is Triptila + Tomopteryx, sustained by apomorphy 12(1) with an indention between veins, Cu₁ and Cu₂.

Fueguina and Danielaparra are sustained by the presence of a sacculus arm; however, there is not enough statistic evidence given that the character studied is also present in Tatosoma. The automorphies for each genus are indicated in Table 1 and Figure 3. The phylogenetic pattern presented here only represents a first attempt to establish the relationship between the taxa of the tribe. The various genus-level branches will be much better when the immature stages and biological data can be included (morphological aspects and behavioral patterns of the eggs, larvae, and pupae).

Taxonomy. Description of the genera

Arrayanaria ^{Parra, 1996}

Arrayanaria^{Parra, 1996}:39

Type Species. Arrayanaria santiaguensis^{Parra, 1996}:41. By original designation.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moths is shown in the Figures 4a and b. Medium sized moths with the length of the forewing varying between 16 and 17 mm.

Ciliate antennae in the male, filifom in the female. Light brown or brownish-gray forewings; all the bands are present, well-marked light brown antemedial and postmedial bands. Ash-gray or light brown hindwings. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: the Sc and Rs veins are united by a transverse vein or anastomosis in the male, regularly anastomosing in the female; Rs and M₁ originate from the same point or they are pedunculated in both sexes; in the male with a lobe supplied from two anal veins (Fig. 8d) in the female with two anal veins (Fig. 8e). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. Wings and abdomen are of the same color; sternal pouch is present in the male.

Male genitalia (Figs. 8a-b). Uncus stout, with acute apex: rectangular valvae, swollen, apex with an indention; sacculus absent; anellus sub-rectangular, anellus process armed with microspines, saccus-vinculum sub-triangular, swollen. Aedeagus unarmed or armed.

Female genitalia (Figs. 8c). Corpus bursae membranous and spherical on its anterior half, cylindrical and sclerotized on its posterior half; ductus bursae sclerotized, two times longer than wide; the seminal duct region is membranous; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

The genus is characterized by the armed anellus. Even though this character is present in Rindgenaria, in the latter it appears associated with other characters that make these genera separate entities. In the female, the ductus bursae are sclerotized and with grooves like on Danielaparra, but weaker. The coloration and pattern of maculation are similar in all the genera of this tribe, therefore, the differentiation between coming genera is difficult. Male genitalia show the most reliable characteristics for the separation of Arrayanaria, in addition to the presence of the two anal veins in the hindwings of the female, provided that this is not repeated in any other genus of the tribe.

Distribution

Endemic genus from Chile, distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Central Valley, Northern Valdivian Forest, and the Valdivian Forest. A. duofasciata reaches the most southern distribution of the genus (Valdivia).

Observations

In the phylogenetic analysis, an autapomorphy was not found that defines it, the genus is better defined by a combination of characters (see diagnosis).

Species Included

arenosa (^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1890}) comb. nov. (Oporabia)

duofasciata^{Parra, 1996}

santiaguensis^{Parra, 1996}

Butleriana ^{Parra, 1991}

Butleriana^{Parra, 1991}:150

Type Species. Pachrophylla minor^{Butler, 1882}:401. By original designation ^{Parra, 1991}:151.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moths is shown in the Figures 4 c-f. Small, medium, or large moths, the length of the forewing varies between 13 and 23 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosemata present; simple antennae, as much in the male as in the female. Forewings dark brown or gray, sometimes with cream and pale orange colored spots. Hindwings ashy white, in the males with a very small lobe, thin, completely expanded, narrow and subtriangular, that reaches the middle of the wings’ length. Forewing venation: two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: the Sc and Rs veins are anastomosed along the whole length of the cell in both sexes; Rs and M₁ are pedunculated in both sexes; one anal vein on the lobe, sometimes there is another vein that only is implied on its base (B. fasciata) (Fig. 9d). Legs: Tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. The male’s abdomen has a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 9 a-b). Simple valvae, with a bulbous projection in the central region of the ventral margin, divided apex; uncus variable, aedeagus’ vesica armed with spines.

Female genitalia (Fjg. 9c). Ninth sternum absent; corpus bursae spherical, ovoid, or subrectangular; signum present in the form of ring shaped bands or absent: ductus bursae with two sclerotized areas; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

This genus can be recognized because it consists of small species (male’s specimens) medium or big (females and some males) (wingspan up to 23 mm), of dark brown or gray color, sometimes with cream and light orange colored spots on the forewings. In maculation, the presence of a black stripe close to the anal margin of the hindwings (except in B. oculata) differentiates this genus from others of the tribe and at the same time moves it closer to Pachrophylla. The diagnostic character of this genera is found on the male hindwings, this is because the lobe is very small, thin, and subtriangular in shape, and has only one anal vein (autoapomorphy of the genus). At the level of the male genitalia make up, this taxon presents an indention on the cucullus region, a trait that is not present in Pachrophylla.

Distribution

Genus endemic to the area under study, it is found distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Mountain Range, and the Southern Pacific region. The most widely distributed species within the genus is B. minor, and the most Southern B. oculata.

Observations

The species are those which show the most size diversity within the tribe (wingspan) and their maculation pattern is practically similar in all of them. Given the homogeneity of this maculation, it is necessary to resort to their genital armature to separate the species that form the group. The differences between them reside in the uncus morphology, the vesical (if it is armed or not), the saccus vinculum, the corpus bursae form, and the presence, absence, or reduction of the signum.

Their external appearance is very like the species of Pachrophylla, from there ^{Butler (1882}) described them within these genera. This author describes two varieties for the Pachrophylla minor, fundamentally for the slight maculation variation. The analysis of the genital structures made it so that ^{Parra (1991}) moved each one of these varieties up to the category of valid species.

Species Included

fasciata (^{Butler, 1882}) (Pachrophylla)

fumosa (^{Butler, 1882}) (Pachrophylla)

minor (^{Butler, 1882}) (Pachrophylla)

oculata (^{Mabille, 1885}) (Lobophora)

Danielaparra ^{Kemal & Kocak, 2004}

Daniela^{Parra, 1996}:42

Danielaparra^{Kemal & Kocak, 2004}:4

Parraiella^{Özdikmen, 2008}:185 n. syn.

Type Species. Daniela viridis^{Parra, 1996}:42. By original designation.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown in Figure 4g Medium sized moths, forewing length varies between 14 and 18 mm.

Ciliate antennae on the male. Filiform on the female. Mottled forewings with black and green spots, on which the bands are highlighted due to their white color. White hindwings, distal spot present. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: the Sc and Rs veins are free in the male, anastomosed in the female; Rs and M₁ originate from the same point on the female, free in the male; the males have a lobe with two anal veins (Fig. 10d). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. Male abdomen has a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 10 a-b). Uncus digitiform, reaches ½ of the length of the valvae; sub rectangular valvae, with an indention in the apex region adjacent to the costal region; sacculus present, boot shaped; anellus sub quadrangular, with two half digitiform projections on the hind wall; pyramid shaped anellus process, made up of small spines; saccus vinculum quadrangular. Aedeagus sub equal along the valvae; wide sheath on the first third and inflated in the seminal duct area. Vesica composed of three thick spines and a group of microspines.

Female genitalia (Figs 10 c). Membranous corpus bursae, in a half-moon shape on the front portion. Back portion sclerotized and with grooves; sclerotized ductus bursae on its anterior region, coinciding with the end of the corpus, two times longer than wide; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

Danielaparra, presents a very similar coloring to Triptalia and to the species Triptiloides esmeralda (^{Parra and Santo-Salas, 1992}), but possesses a totally different genital structure in the male and female. The genus is unique in that the male has a sacculus (like Fueguina) but in a boot shape (autapormorphy), armed anellus process (like Arrayanaria) and the presence of a socius (like Llampidken); these combined characters were never present in other genera of the tribe. The sclerotization of the posterior region of the corpus bursae, which is strong and striated is highlighted in the female.

Distribution

Endemic Chilean species, it is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Central Valley, Southern Andean Mountain Range, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, Aysen Mountain Range, Magellanic Interoceanic., Its most Northern record is Molina (35° S) and the most Southern is Cerro Castillo (51° S)

Observations

This is one of the genus that, along with Butleriana, presents a wide range of distribution, principally found distributed in territories such as, sclerophyllous and temperate forests (Valdivian and Magallanic Rainforests).

In the phylogenetic analysis, this genus represents the sister group de Fueguina, even though there is not a clear synapomorphy that relates them. Probably, the presence of a sacculus arm is the character that establishes the relationship.

Species Included

fragmentata (^{Dognin, 1906}) (Rhopalodes)

viridis (^{Parra, 1996}) n. syn.

imbricaria (^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875}) comb. nov. (Lobophora)

laetaria Staudinger, 1899:90 (Lobophora)

Fueguina ^{Parra, 1991}

Fueguina^{Parra, 1991}:165.

Type Species. Pachrophylla varians^{Butler, 1882}:400. By original designation ^{Parra, 1991}:165.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moths is shown in Figures 4h and 5a. Small to medium sized moths, the forewing length varies between 13 and 21 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosomata present; antennae filiform. Forewings have variable maculation. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs united by a transversal vein in the male, anastomosed in the female; Rs and M₁ pedunculated in both sexes; hindwing lobe with two anal veins; M₃ and Cu₁ are generally pedunculated (Fig. 11d). Male legs with a tuft of scales on the internal apex of the metathoracic femur, metathoracic tibias with hair pencil. Tibial formula 0-2-4. Male’s abdomen has a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 11 a-b). Uncus thin and small, acute apex, digitiform or short or thick; socius and gnathos absent; valvae two times longer than wide, forked apex (cucullus region) leaving a deep, round cavity; sacculus armed with a spiny process, thick and finishing at a point; quadrangular or sub-rectangular anellus with two central lobes on the hind edge; sacculus vinculum quadrangular or sub-rectangular. Aedeagus 9 times longer than wide and sub equal along the valvae; seminal duct comes from the pouch’s central region; vesica unarmed or armed with a group of spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 11 c). Corpus bursae sub-piriform, membranous, one third of the front of the internal surface and dorsal ventral wall covered by microspines; the seminal duct comes from a protuberance on the cestum; the cestum is longer than it is wide, it takes up approximately 1/3 of the length of the ductus bursae; membranous colliculum; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

The genus is made up of three species that vary notably in the type of maculation, from grayish colors to pink and light brown. The M₃ and Cu₁ veins of the male´s hindwing are pedunculated at least from the base or free; lobe with two anal veins. Male genitalia with spiny sacculus and a deep indention on the cucullus region (autoapomorphy). These characteristics of the genital armature, allow this taxon to be easily separated from the rest of the components of the tribe.

Distribution

Endemic genus in Chile, it is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Mountain Range, Magellanic Interoceanic, and Southern Pacific. F. varians is the most widely distributed species and along with F. magallanica is the one that arrives the farthest South.

Observations

The general appearance of the moths is very close to Pachrophylla, but a more detailed analysis allows these species to be separated into a different genus (^{Parra, 1991}). The deep indention of the apex of the valvae is the character that defines this genus and clearly separates it from Pachrophylla. In the phylogenetic analysis, a common branch is formed with Danielaparra because of the presence of an arm on the sacculus.

Species Included

celovalva^{Parra, 1991}

limnetes (^{Prout, 1923}) (Hoplosauris)

magallanica^{Parra, 1996}

varians (^{Butler, 1882}) (Pachrophylla)

stenopterata^{Mabille, 1885} (Lobophora)

Hoplosauris ^{Butler, 1882}

Notholoba^{Warren, 1908}:103.

Type Species Hoplosauris heliconoides^{Butler, 1882}:399. By original designation. Notholoba schausi^{Warren, 1908}:103. By original designation

Redescription

The general appearance of the moths is shown in Figures 5b. Filiform antennae in males and females; thorax and abdomen with brown scales that vary in reddish, orange, and greenish tones; forewings with a distal spot on the dorsal surface. On the anal margin of the male’s hindwings a concave or convex hairy vesicle is found present or only with hairy scales.

Male genitalia (Fig. 12 a-b). Subrectangular or subtriangular valvae with a coremata located on the subapical area; tubular aedeagus, vesica armed with one or two groups of spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 12 c). Spherical or globous corpus bursae with microspines on the surface; membranous sterigma.

Differential diagnosis

In the male, the anal margin of Hoplosauris’ hindwings are reduced by a tuft of hair or the presence of a small vesicle or lappet; on their genitalia a coremata is found in the sub-apical region of the valvae, which are subtriangular or sub rectangular; the aedeagus’ vesical has one or two groups of compact spines. On the female, the corpus bursae is spherical or globular, its internal surface has microspines arranged in different regions. The synapmorphies that sustain the genera are: filiform male antennae; distal spot on the forewings; hairy scales on the anal margin of the male’s hindwings; microspines on the internal surface of the corpus bursae; membranous sterigma; swollen uncus base; hairy uncus; coremata in the subapical region of the valvae.

Distribution

Hoplosauris is distributed between 33° S and 52° S between the Valparaiso and Magellan provinces, Chile. It is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Andean Cordillera, Central Coastal Cordillera, Southern Andean Mountain Range, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Mountain Range (Argentinian and Chilean side), Magellanic Interoceanic.

Species included

granitata (^{Fletcher, 1953}) (Physoloba)

heliconoides^{Butler, 1882}

multivirgulata^{Mabille, 1885} (Larentia)

indistincta (^{Butler, 1882}) (Amathia)

viridularia^{Dognin, 1906} (Rhopalodes)

macarenae^{Parra, 2009}

mabillei^{Parra, 2009}

pachrophylloides^{Parra, 2009}

schausi (^{Warren, 1908}) (Notholoba)

valeria^{Butler, 1893}

/ Armaduras genitales y venación alar de Danielaparra fragmentata (Dognin) a) genitalia del macho en vista ventral, b) aedeagus en vista lateral, c) genitalia de la hembra en vista ventral, d y e) venación alas del macho y hembra. Escala genitalia 0,5 mm, Escala alas 1 cm.

Lagynopteryx ^{Berg, 1883}

Lagynopteryx^{Berg, 1883}:166.

Lagynopteryx Berg. ^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1886}:338; ^{Fletcher 1953}: 379; ^{Angulo & Casanueva, 1981}:29.

Toxopaltes^{Warren, 1894}:398. syn. nov.

Type Species Lagynopteryx valdiviana^{Berg, 1883}. Designated by ^{Fletcher, 1979}:112.

Tomopteryx botulata^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875}. Designated as type species of Toxopaltes by ^{Warren, 1894}:398.

Redescription

The moth’s general appearance is shown in Figures 5 c-e. Small sized moths with the forewing length varying between 9 and 11 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosemata present; antenna rhopalocerus like; labial palp and the head are unicolored, middle segment is four times longer than the distal. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: In the male, the Sc and Rs veins are separated, Rs and M₁ pedunculated, with a Cu and an A vein. In the female, the Sc and Rs veins are anastomosed, Rs and M₁ pedunculated, with two Cu veins and one A. The forewings are light brown alternating with dark brown areas; bands are present. The male’s hindwings are small, white, and slightly transparent, the females are ash-gray. Male hindwing with a tail between the Rs and M₁ veins and a small lobe (vesicle or flap) without veins (Fig. 13 d). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. The male’s abdomen has a sternal pouch (Figs. 2b and 13e) and a coremata (Fig. 2c).

Male genitalia (Figs. 13a-b). Costal region of the valvae with a projection ending in two points, cucullus region with thick bristles.

Female genitalia (Fig. 13 c). Membranous, elongated corpus bursae; tubular ductus bursae, very long and membranous.

Differential diagnosis

This genus is unique within the Trichopterygini, since the male’s hindwings have reduced venation, a small lobe (“flap”) and a tail between the Rs and M₁ veins (both autoapomorphies). Male genitalia, costa with a projection ending in two points and valvae with bristles on the cucullus region. Female genitalia, membranous corpus bursae, tubular ductus bursae, ten times longer than wide.

Distribution

Endemic species to the study zone, it is widely distributed in temperate and cold temperate forest areas, being found in the Argentinian territory adjacent to the Andes Mountain Range. It is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Southern Andean Mountain Range, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Mountain Range (Argentinian side); its most Northern record is Las Trancas, Chillán Mountain Range (36° 20´ S) and the most Southern, Valdivia (40° S).

Observations

The valid genus of this species, by priority order, corresponds to that described by ^{Berg (1883}), Lagynopteryx.

^{Warren (1894}) created the genus, Toxopaltes for two species described as Tomopteryx botulata and T. laciniosa for Chile by ^{Felder and Rogenhofer (1875}). The type species of Lagnopteryx was not revised, but basing it on ^{Fletcher (1953}), it was confirmed that the valid genus was that described by Berg. The analysis of the different structures allowed us to conclude that Toxopaltes is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx. The species described as Tomopteryx botulata, T. laciniosa, and Docirava chilensis do not correspond to the type species of the genera that were initially included.

In the phylogenetic analysis Lagynopteryx appears associated with very dissimilar genera. It is probable that with an adequate knowledge of the immature states of those genera, the grouping would improve.

Lagynopteryx botulata (^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875})

(Figs. 2b-c, 5c-e and 13 a-e)

Tomopteryx botulata^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875}: pl. 131, fig. 18. ^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1886}:338; ^{Fletcher 1953}:379; ^{Angulo & Casanueva, 1981}:29 (Lagynopteryx)

Tomopteryx laciniosa^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875}: pl. 131, fig. 21; ^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1886}:338; ^{Angulo & Casanueva, 1981}: 29. (Lagynopteryx) syn. nov.

Docirava chilensis^{Butler, 1882}:420; ^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1886}: 341; ^{Angulo & Casanueva, 1981}:27 syn. nov.

Lagynopteryx valdiviana^{Berg, 1883}:166; ^{Bartlett-Calvert, 1886}:338; ^{Fletcher, 1953}:379; ^{Angulo & Casanueva, 1981}:29.

Type specimens

Tomopteryx botulata. Holotype, male, Chile, BMNH (Examined).

Tomopteryx laciniosa. Holotype, male, Chile, BMNH (Examined).

Docirava chilensis. Holotype, male, Chile, BMNH (Examined).

Lagynopteryx valdiviana. Holotype, male, Valdivia, MACNBR (Not examined).

Redescription

General aspect of the insect as shown in Figures 5c, d and e.

Male (Fig. 5c and e). The forewing dorsal surface has dark and light brown stripes; dark brown basal band, fine and lineal; wavy antemedial band, dark brown; white post medial band, with a subangular projection between the external margin; dark brown stripe between the ante and post medial bands, with a dark brown distal spot; white and angular adterminal band; light brown and dark brown stripe between the post and adterminal bands, the darkest area is wide close to the costal region and the anal margin, between M₁ and M₂ it is very narrow; the terminal band is dark brown, interrupted by the veins; light brown external margin stripe. Light brown ventral surface, light spotting. Hindwings: dorsal and ventral surfaces are yellowish-white all around their edges, transparent in the middle area, where there is a structure that seems to produce sound (Fig. 13d), with a tail and a small lobe (vesicle or flap) on the male; on the middle region of the anal margin there is a group of dark brown scales.

Female (Fig. 5d). Like the male, but with darker bands and stripes, contrasting with the white color that defines them; ashy gray hindwings with no tail, not even a lobe nor a structure to produce sound; no hair pencil on the metathoracic tibia and without sternal pouch of the abdomen.

Male genitalia (Figs. 13 a-b). Simple uncus, slightly thick; absent socius and gnathos; anellus sub rectangular on their front portion and subtriangular on the back; simple valvae, two times longer than wide, armed costa close to the apex, arm finishes in two points; cucullus with a small indention and with 4 bristles directed towards the internal region; normal sacculus; subtriangular saccus-vinculum, round frontal margin. Aedeagus 1.5 times longer than the valvae; vesica with two spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 13c). Elongated corpus bursae, membranous, shorter than the posterior apophyses; absent signum; ductus bursae, membranous, 10 times longer than wide; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior ones.

Length of the hindwings: male, 9-10 mm; female 11 mm.

Differential diagnosis. Like that of the genus description

Distribution. Like that of the genus description

Flight period

Species captured from November to February. Voucher labels indicating data between September and December are not considered due to the ambiguity of the capture information.

Observations

The type material of practically all the species included here was revised. Comparing the specimens and their genital armature allows us to conclude that T. lacinosa and D. chilensis are junior synonyms of L. botulata. L. valdiviana is included here as a synonym based on ^{Fletcher’s study (1953}), however, the type specimen of this species was not examined.

The wing pattern of this species is practically similar in all the specimens, it only varies in color. So, in some specimens the bands are dark brown and the white areas are less obvious; in others, the stripe between the ante- and postmedial bands is light brown (like f. chilensis and f. laciniosa); or the light brown color is replaced by a coppery brown and the adterminal band is not obvious (L. botulata).

The vein reduction and especially, the presence of a structure between the R and M veins (translucent area) that seems to allow the production of sound are notable in the male. It will require further investigation of this structure to better understand how it works, it has not been identified as morphologic element that functions as a scraper.

Material examined (71 males, 29 females)

CHILE: 1 male, Holotype (T. botulata), Chile; 1 male, Holotype (T. laciniosa); 1 male, Holotype (D. chilensis), Chili (BMNH). Las Trancas, Chillán mountain range (Ñuble), Trap UV coll.: 3 males, 8-I-1996, 5 males and 2 females, 11-I-1996, 5 males and 3 females, 12-I-1996, 1 male and 5 females, 16-I-1996, 5 males and 4 females, 19-I-1996 (UCCC-MZUC). Concepción, Trap UV coll.: 1 male, 22-XI-1960, 3 males, 28-XI-1960, 1 male, 30-XI-1960, 8 males 3 females, 6-XII-1960, 7 males, 5-XII-1960, 4 males and 3 females, 7-XII-1960, 2 males and 1 female, 10-XII-1960, 1 male, 10-I-1961, 1 female, 7-XII-1961, 1 male, 2-I-1962, 1 male, 3-I-1962, 1 male, 16-I-1962, 1 male, 22-I-1962 (UCCC-MZUC). 1 male, Pemehue, IX-XII-1896; 1 male, Araucanía, I-1892 (MNHN). 2 males, Lonquimay, Cautín, II-1951 (UCCC-MZUC). Valdivia: 2 males, 20-XI-1986, 2 females, 30-XI-1986, 1 female and 1 male, 2-XII-1986 (UCCC-MZUC). 1 male and 1 female, Pucoihue, XII-1988 (UCCC-MZUC). ARGENTINA: Pucará, P. N. Lanín, Neuquén, Schajovskoi coll.: 12 males, 12-I-1951, 2 males, I-1951, 2 females, II-1951, 1 female, I-1951 (IML). San Martín de los Andes, Schajovskoi coll.: 2 males, II-1950 (IML).

Bibliographic citations. CHILE: Valdivia (^{Berg, 1883}).

Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992

Llampidken^{Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992b}:151

Type Species Llampidken valdiviana^{Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992b}:152. By original designation.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown in figure 5f. Medium-sized moths, the forewing length ranges from 15-16 mm.

Head without ocelli; rhopalocerus-like antennae in the male and simple in the female; labial palp, mid-segment 4 times longer than the distal segment. Dark brown forewings with a slight green color. Hindwings white to light brown. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs veins anastomosed in both sexes; Rs and M₁ pedunculated in both sexes; male lobe without an anal vein (Fig. 14d). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; femur and metathoracic tibia, in the male, with a tuft of scales and hair pencil, respectively. Male’s abdomen has a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 14 a-b). Uncus digitiform, reaches ½ the length of the valvae; dense socius with a forked apex; gnathos digitiform subequal in size to the uncus, but thicker; valvae 1/3 longer than wide, neckline apex, but with a very developed triangular valvula; costal arm, capitiform; sacculus with a small projection and on its internal area a group of small spines; sub-quadrangular anellus, with three hind projections, forked sacculus-vinculum. Aedeagus slightly longer than the valvae; vesica with odontoid cornuti with 3 apical points.

Female genitalia (Figs. 14c). Corpus bursae globous, membranous, small; large ductus bursae, slightly longer than wide; the cestum occupies 1/3 of the length of the ductus; membranous colliculum; posterior apophyses 6 times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

This genus is distinguished from all the other members of the tribe because the hindwing lobe on the male does not have veins (autoapomorphy). Male genitalia, gnathos and socius present (the presence of the gnathos constitutes an autoapomorphy for the genus), armed sacculus, vesica armed by an odontoid cornuti. Female genitalia, posterior apophyses 6 times longer than the anterior.

Distribution

The species and genus are endemic to Chile, they are distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Northern Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Forest; their most Northern record is the Araucanía Region and the most Southern is Valdivia (40º S). The species is only distributed in temperate forests in the South of Chile.

Observations

According to the phylogenetic analysis, this genus is the closest to Tatosoma; its relation is based on the process or costal arm in the valvae of the male’s genitalia.

Species Included

moesta (^{Butler, 1882}) comb. nov. (Hoplosauris)

valdiviana^{Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992b}. syn. nov.

Pachrophylla ^{Blanchard, 1852}

Pachrophylla^{Blanchard, 1852}:96

Bacillogaster^{Blanchard, 1852}:99.

Type species Pachrophylla linearia^{Blanchard, 1852}:97. By monotypy.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown is the figure 5g. Big moths, with narrow wings, the length of the forewing varies between 19 and 20 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosemata present; filiform antennae; light brown thorax and abdomen. Light brown anterior wings, with a black stripe close to the anal margin. The male has white posterior wings, with a lobe that is folded or overlapped, longer than it is wide, and reaches 1/3 of the length of the wing. Forewing venation: two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: the Rs and Sc veins are free, only united by a short transversal vein at the end of the discal cell, anastomosed in the female; Rs and M₁ are pedunculated; lobe with two anal veins (Fig. 15d). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4, male metathoracic femur and tibia with a tuft of scales and hair pencil, respectively. Male abdomen with a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 15 a-b). Uncus thin, strong, half the length of the valvae, extremely acute; absent socius and gnathos; valvae approximately 4.5 times longer than their maximum width, apically sinuous margin; sacculus normal; anellus subquadrangular with two lateral projections; forked saccus-vinculum, central projection with rounded to blunt margin. Aedeagus about 20% shorter than the valvae, 7 times longer than wide; seminal duct comes from the mid region of the sheath; vesica armed by a group of 4 spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 15c). Globous corpus bursae, with a thick and short appendix, organized towards the right side in the anterior region; the area adjacent to the ductus bursae has a sub anular stripe, spiny, prolonged towards the extreme anterior in a series of striations; ductus bursae 4.2 times longer than wide; anterior apophyses 20% shorter than the posterior, both long and thin.

Differential diagnosis

This genus is distinguished from the others by its long and narrow wings, from light brown to dark brown; both pairs of spurs on the metathoracic tibias are reduced (autoapomorphy) (Fig. 15e). Male genitalia, long and narrow valvae; cucullus region without an indention, sinuous; armed aedeagus. Female genitalia, globous corpus bursae, with a thick and short appendix organized towards the right side in the anterior region.

Distribution

The genus and species are endemic to Chile, they are distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Valdivian Forest, Northern Valdivian Forest (Precordillera Region) and Pehuenar, its most Northern record is Viña del Mar (33° S) and the most Southern Termas de Rio Blanco, Cautín (38° 30 S).

Observations

In the first revisions, many species were assigned to this genus for the similarity of the maculation pattern on the anterior wings, for the external form (appearance) and for the presence of the lobe on the posterior wings of the male. The analysis of the male genital explains that this genus is monotypic but is closely related to the other taxa described here.

Species Included

linearia^{Blanchard, 1852}.

Parapachrophylla ^{Parra, 1991}

Parapachrophylla^{Parra, 1991}:177.

Type species Parapachrophylla claudiae^{Parra, 1991}:180. By original designation.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moths is shown in the figures 6 a-d. Small and medium-sized moths, the length of the forewing varies between 13 and 18 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosomata present; antennae filiform; dark brown to light brown thorax and abdomen. Dark or light brown anterior wings, bands are present. White hindwings, in the male with a lobe overlapping the wing, thin, subtriangular that reaches ½ the wing length. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs veins united by a small transversal vein in the posterior end of the cell; Rs and M₁ come from the same point or pedunculated; lobe with two anal veins (Fig. 16e). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. Male abdomen with sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 16 a-c). Valvae with an apical indention, 4-5 times longer than wide; costal margin with a palpebral form appendix; subtriangular saccus vinculum; aedeagus has an armed vesica.

Female genitalia. Like the female from P. michelleae sp. nov.

Differential diagnosis

This genus differs from the others because the wings are narrow (like Pachrophylla), long, or short; the wing color varies from dark to light brown, the surface could be homogeneous or with motley spots. The male genitalia have a palpebral form appendix on the costal margin of the valvae (autoapormorphy). Distinguished from Pachrophylla for having developed middle spurs of the metathoracic tibia (Fig. 16f), an indention on the apical margin of the valvae and on the palpebral form appendix of their costal margin.

Distribution

Endemic genus in Chile, it is found distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Southern Andean Mountain Range and Valdivian Forest. P. claudiae has a relatively wide distribution, whereas P. celovalva is only found in two places.

Observations

The species of this genus are very similar to genera Butleriana and Pachrophylla in relation to maculation, but are clearly differentiated by the morphology of the male and female genitalia.

Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra, sp. nov.

(Figs. 6c-d and16a-d)

Material Type. Holotype, 1 male, Los Queñes, in the town of Teno, 35º02`54``S 70º37`07``O, 1060 m.s.n.m, 24-05-2012, Maule Region, F. Urra coll.; Alotype, 1 female, La Mina, 9-08-1997, R. Badilla coll.; Paratypes: 1 female, La Mina, 9-08-1997, R. Badilla coll., 1 female, La Obra, Santiago, 16-04-1953 (UCCC-MZUC).

Diagnosis. The species presents a characteristic maculation pattern on the forewings that easily distinguishes it from the rest of the species of the genus, this is a dark brown band that goes from the base of the wing to the external margin of the apical region of the forewings. P. michelleae sp. nov. is different from P. caliginosa and P. claudiae in that the juxta is reduced to two subtriangular parts that diverge from its base, in addition, P. maulina sp. nov. has a low neckline in the ventral margin of the valvae in the subapical region, giving it the appearance of being semi strangulated.

Male. General appearance is like it is shown in the figure 6c. Forewings: grayish to light brown dorsal surface, mottled with slightly darker spots, highlighting a dark brown band or stripe that crosses the whole wing from its base to the apex. The region between the antemedial and post medial bands is evident because of its dark brown color, therefore the bands stand out due to their lighter color. The ventral surface is similar to the dorsal, the colors are much softer and have a certain gray tone. Hindwings: lobe present, dorsal and ventral surface are grayish-brown with a light brown external margin.

Female. Similar to the male, but the hindwings don't have a lobe (Fig. 6d).

Forewing length: male, 17 mm (1); female, 16 to 19 mm (3)

Male genitalia (Figs. 16 a-c). Uncus thin and strong, acute end, 1/3 the length of the valvae, reduced socius; valvae 4 or 5 times longer than wide, valvula region with a small indention, costal region (on the 1/5 posterior) with a palpebral form appendix folded towards the internal face of the valve, a third of the posterior valvae semi strangulated; juxta reduced to two subtriangular parts that diverge from their base; subtriangular saccus. Aedeagus sub equal along the valvae, vesica armed by a group of spines arranged in two rows, longer spines toward the distal region.

Female genitalia (Figs. 16d). Membranous, elongated corpus bursae, two times longer than its width and three times longer than the ductus bursae, with microspines in 2/3 of the front of its internal wall which are not present in its ventral region; ductus bursae, 40 times longer than wide, colliculum (sclerotized area) occupies practically all its extension; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Distribution. The records correspond to La Obra in the Metropolitan Region, La Mina and Los Queñes in the Maule Region, Chile.

Etymology: The species is dedicated to the first woman president of Chile, Michelle Bachelet Jeria.

Species included

caliginosa^{Parra, 1991}

claudiae^{Parra, 1991}

michelleae Parra sp. nov.

Rindgenaria ^{Parra, 1996}

Rindgenaria^{Parra, 1996}:43

Type species Ridgenaria multilineata^{Parra, 1996}:44. By original designation.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown in the Figure 6e. Medium-sized moths, the forewing length varies between 14 and 16 mm.

Ciliated antennae in the male, filiform in the female. Light brown forewings, lines perpendicularly crossed on their whole surface. White posterior wings. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs veins are anastomosed on the external third of the cell; Rs and M₁ come from the same point, in the male with a lobe that has three anal veins (Fig. 17d); in the female with two anal veins. Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. Male abdomen with a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 17 a-b). Uncus thick with a slightly curved acute apex that reaches 1/3 of the length of the valvae; subrectangular valvae, with a small triangular shaped indention in the third distal, that is projected towards the external side; anellus small, like a small thin layer; saccus-vinculum subtriangular, globous. Aedeagus sub equal along the valvae, vesica armed with a group of small spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 17c). Bursa copulatrix sub cylindrical; corpus bursae membranous with a small group of microspines in its mid-dorsal region; ductus bursae sclerotized in the cestum region, membranous in the colliculum; seminal duct and ductus bursae meet in a pyramidal protuberance; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

One of the characters that allows us to easily separate this genera from the others, is the presence of a third anal vein (A₁) not stalked to A₂. The genitalia also have a distinctive pattern: in the male, the terminal portion of the valvae is rotated 90° towards the ventral region (autoapomorphy). In the female, the characteristics are: corpus bursae form, an extended sac not observed in other genera; sclerotized cestum in the ductus bursae; and the membranous sac that exists in the seminal duct’s place of insertion.

Distribution

This endemic species is distributed only in the biogeographic provinces of the Northern Valdivian Forest, its most Northern record is Concepción (36° 30´S) and the most Southern is the Araucanía Region.

Observations

This genus forms a monophyletic group together with Tomopteryx + Triptila + Triptiloides for the presence of three anal veins on the male’s hindwings (synapomorphy). However, the difference is: A₁ not stalked to A₂ and the apex’s valvae are rotated towards the ventral region.

Species Included

multilineata^{Parra, 1996}

Tomopteryx ^{Philippi, 1873}

Tomopteryx^{Philippi, 1873}:313

Type Species Tomopteryx amoena^{Philippi, 1873}:313. Designated by ^{Butler, 1882}:396.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown in the figure 6f. The length of the forewing varies between 14 and 17 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosomata present; filiform antennae slightly thickened in two thirds of the proximal (rhopalocerous-like). Anterior wings: 2/3 of the basales dark and a third of the distal light. Posterior wings: light brown to ashy gray; the male has an anal lobe and an indention between the Cu₁ and Cu₂ veins. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs veins are parallel, they tend to come together at the mid-region of the distal cell, anastomosed in the female; Rs and M₁ are pedunculated in the male and female; lobe with two anal veins (Fig. 18d), the A₁ vein is pedunculated to A₂ and converges with Cu₂. Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; the femur has a tuft of hair on the inner leg and the male’s metathoracic tibia has hair pencil. The abdomen has a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 18 a-b). Uncus thick, depressed, and pointed at the tip, three times smaller than the valvae; absent socius and gnathos; valvae 3 times longer than wide, deeply rooted on the ventral region; sacculus normal; anellus and saccus-vinculum subquadrangulars. Aedeagus subequal along the valvae, 10 times longer than wide; seminal duct comes from the sub anterior region of the sheath; bare vesica

Female genitalia (Fig. 18c). Corpus bursae ovoid, membranous; ductus bursae halfway along the corpus bursae, 4 times longer than wide; cestum occupies 1/3 of the length of the ductus; colliculum membranous. Posterior apophyses 1.25 times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

This genus differs from others in the tribe because the Cu₂ vein in the posterior wings extends to a small lobe; the anal lobe is wide, subtriangular, halfway along the wing, with two anal veins, A₂ on the wing lobe joint and A₃ on its interior (Fig. 18d).

The autoapomorphy that defines this genus is the ventral position of the valve’s indention on the cucullus region.

Distribution

Endemic species to Chile. It is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Northern Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Forest; it most Northern record is Principal, Santiago (33° 30´S) and the most Southern is Valdivia (40 ° S). The species has a distribution that coincides with schlerophyllus and temperate Chilean forests.

Observations

This genus together with Triptila and Triptiloides has pedunculated A₁ and A₂ veins in the male’s posterior wing. The sister genus is Triptila because of the presence of an indention between the Cu veins in the male’s posterior wing.

Phillipi (1873) included three species in this genus, two of which differ from the type of species designated by ^{Butler (1882}) and have been considered here as two different genera: Triptila^{Warren, 1894} and Triptiloides^{Parra and Santos-Salas 1992a} (see descriptions bellow).

Species Included

amoena^{Philippi, 1873}

ternata^{Felder y Rogenhofer, 1875} (Alsophila)

jacintaria Staudinger, 1899 (Lobophora?)

Triptila ^{Warren, 1894}

Triptila^{Warren, 1894}:398.

Type Species Tomopteryx virescens^{Philippi, 1873}:315. Designated by ^{Warren, 1894}:398.

Redescription

The general description of the moths is shown in the figures 6g and h. Medium to big moths, the length of the forewing varies between 16 and 23 mm.

Head without ocelli; chaetosomata present; mid-segment of labial palpate, 4 times longer than the proximal and distal. Anterior wings light brown, green, or mottled with black and green spots. The hindwings are light brown or grayish; with two lobes, one in the anal region and another in the cubital vein zone. Forewing venation: two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs veins are united by a transversal vein 1/3 before the distal cell ends; the Rs andM₁ veins are pedunculated; anal and cubital lobes with two of each veins (A₁₊₂ and A₃; veins Cu₁ and Cu₂ respectively) (Fig. 19d). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male metathoracic tibia with a tuft of scales and hair pencil, respectively. Male abdomen with a sternal pouch (Fig. 2a), and bristled ventrals on the last abdominal segment (Fig. 2c).

Male genitalia (Figs. 19 a-b). Uncus thin and small, big and wide valvae with a small apical indention. The aedeagus is ventrally curved and the vesica is unarmed.

Female genitalia (Fig. 19c). Anterior part of the corpus bursae reduced, cylindrical, membranous posterior region, being similar in diameter to the ductus bursae; the ductus bursae is strongly sclerotized.

Differential diagnosis

This genus is distinguished from all the others in the tribe for the following characteristics: moths with large forewings, small hindwings ones, they are animals with green or brown colored wings with two lobes on the internal margin of the male’s hindwings (anal and cubital) and a line of bristles on the posterior margin in the ventral area of the eighth abdominal segment (autoapomorphy). Male genitalia, ventrally curved aedeagus (autoapomorphy), saccus vinculum very developed. Female genitalia, corpus bursae membranous, reduced anterior part (autoapomorphy).

Distribution

Endemic genus from Chile, its species live in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Southern Andean Mountain Range, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, and Aysén Mountain Range. T. virescens has a relatively wide distribution; in contrast, it is much reduced in T. ibarrai and T. septentrionalis.

Observations

This genus was created by ^{Warren (1894}) to distinguish the species, T. virescens from the genus Tomopteryx, in which Phillipi has initially categorized it. Warren says that Triptila and Tomopteryx are distinguished by the absence of an indention on the male’s posterior wings. Parra and Santos-Salas’ (1992) show the differences that are found principally at the level of the genitalia and that the wings’ nature and composition has a certain similarity in both genera. In the case of Tomopteryx, the indention between the Cu₁ and Cu₂ veins is not very developed; on the other hand, in Triptila it is obvious and makes it easier to distinguish the cubital lobe of the.

Species Included

ibarrai Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992

perornata (^{Mabille, 1885}) (Cidaria)

septentrionalis Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992

virescens (^{Philippi, 1873}) (Tomopteryx)

Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992

Triptiloides^{Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992a}:286.

Type species Tomopteryx laeta^{Philippi, 1873}:314. By original designation ^{Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992a}:286.

Redescription

The general description of the moths is shown in the figures 7 a-e. They are shown by size: small to big moths. The length of the anterior wing varies between 13 and 28 mm.

Head without ocelli, chaetosomata present; antennae rhopalocerous like, thick with an acute end; palpo labial segment four times longer than the distal. Forewings variable in color and maculation, light brown, gray, or greenish-brown; bands present. Hindwings light brown, reddish brown or white; in the male with a lobe on the anal region and an indention between veins Cu₁ and Cu₂ and Cu₂ and A_1. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs united by a transversal vein 1/3 before the end of the discal cell (Figs. 20 d-e); in the females, these veins are anastomosed (Fig. 20f); Rs and M₁ are pedunculated or free. Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male’s metathoracic tibia with hair pencil. Male’s abdomen with sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 20 a-b). Uncus simple; gnathos absent; socius reduced or absent; simple valvae, with an indention in the cucullus region; anellus simple, normally with a pair of projections on the mid-posterior region; aedeagus unarmed or armed

Female genitalia (Fig. 20c). Globous or elongated corpus bursae, membranous, sometimes with a belt of microspines on its posterior region; short ductus bursae, longer than wide; posterior apophyses two times longer than the anterior.

Differential diagnosis

The diagnostic character to separate this genus from the others is that there is an indention on the wings between the Cu₁ and Cu₂ and Cu₂ and A₁, as well as a lobe with two anal veins.

The forewings can be as wide as in T. esmeralda or narrow like in T. laeta, because they are well resembled to those of the species Triptila or Pachrophylla. The genitalia are very different between the species that make up this genus.

Distribution

Endemic genus to Chile, it is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Central Coastal Mountain Range, Southern Andes, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, and Magellanic Interoceanic. The most widely distributed species are T. fissa and T. griseofasciata.

Observations

This genus is fundamentally based on the venation of the lobe on the male’s hindwings, despite the fact that the species that make it up show a pattern of non-homogenous genital armature. This is contrasted with the general tendency of the group, which is that within each genus, the male and female from different species maintain a consistent genital pattern. This fact is seen as much in the genera, Tatosoma, Sauris, Episteira, Tympanota from Oriental and Australian regions as in Fueguina, Butleriana, and Triptila from the Neotropical Region.

Species Included

esmeralda (Bartlett-Calvert, 1893) (Rhopalodes)

fissa (^{Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875}) (Tomopteryx)

randallae (^{Sperry, 1951}) comb. nov. (Spargania)

griseofasciata^{Parra, 1996}. syn. nov.

krahmeri Parra & Santos-Salas, 1992

laeta (^{Philippi 1873}) (Tomopteryx)

Warrenaria ^{Parra, 1991}

Warrenaria^{Parra, 1991}:187.

Type Species Oporabia martha^{Butler, 1882}:521. By original designation ^{Parra, 1991}:187.

Redescription

The general appearance of the moth is shown in the Figure 7f. Medium sized moth, the anterior wing length is 16 mm.

Reddish head, without ocelli; chaetosomata present; reddish filiform antennae; reddish-brown thorax, abdomen, and legs. Forewings have medial and antemedial bands that are an intense reddish brown color; hindwings are reddish gray; the lobe overlaps the wings and reaches 1/3 the length of the posterior wing. Forewing venation: with two accessory cells. Hindwing venation: Sc and Rs are united by a transversal vein at the end of the distal cell; Rs and M₁ are sessile; lobe with two anal veins (Fig. 21c). Legs: tibial formula 0-2-4; male’s femur and metathoracic tibia with a tuft of scales and hair pencil, respectively. Male’s abdomen with a sternal pouch.

Male genitalia (Figs. 21 a-b). Uncus strong and compressed, much wider in its fourth subterminal, smaller than the valve; gnathos absent; socius reduced; valvae 4 times longer than wide, apex with a shallow indention; sacculus normal; anellus subtriangular; saccus-vinculum triangular shaped. Aedeagus sub equal along the valvae; seminal duct emerges on a third anterior of the sheath; vesica armed with spines.

Female. Unknown.

Differential diagnosis

This genus is easily recognizable from the other members of the tribe, because this species is a reddish-brown color, as much on the forewings as on the body's surface and appendixes. Male genitalia have a simple valvae, completely rectangular; uncus with a depressed protuberance (rhomboid) close to the apex (autoapomorphy); aedeagus with two groups of spines on the vesica.

Distribution

Endemic genus from Chile, it is distributed in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert and Valdivian Forest; its most Northern record is Las Zorras, Valparaiso (33° S) and the most Southern, Valdivia (40° S). It is found between the 5^th and 10^th regions in Chile, from the intermediate desert (coastal region) to the Valdivian Forest in its central coastal region.

Observations

The genus is close to Butleriana because of its male genital structure. Despite that, its maculation pattern makes it externally similar to those from the group, Triptalia.

In 1882, Butler described the only species from this genus as Oporabia martha. Oporabia is a junior synonym of Epirrita from the Palearctic Region not belonging to the Trichopterygini tribe. The analysis of the specimens led ^{Parra (1991}) to propose this species as a new genus for the tribe, even though its external and internal appearance (male genitals) are closer to the genera indicated above.

These same characteristics present clear differences from this taxon in respect to the others, which permits it to be considered as a species belonging to a completely different genus.

Species Included

martha (^{Butler, 1882}) (Oporabia)